Financial Managment worksheet 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Managment worksheet 3 - Essay Example The investors who invest their money in the firm for hope to get a return on their investment are called stockholders or shareholders. In other words, evaluation of a proposed project should be based on the project's cost of capital (Vernimmen, 2005). This is because when a company raises capital, there is usually no direct links between the return to the supplier of the company's capital and the return on individual project. The corporation then uses the weighted average of these capitals for mixing in the firm's overall equity to analyze the capital budgeting decisions. It takes into consideration the weighted average of all the capital and is thus referred as weighted average cost of capital (WACC). The firm's mixture of debt and equity is called its capital expenditure. Although actual level of debt and equity may vary somewhat over time, most firms try to keep their financing mix close to a target capital structure. As we know that the WACC is a weighted average of relatively low-cost debt and high cost equity, so precisely we can say that capital structure change will affect the WACC to increase or decrease with respect to the change that occurs in the capital structure. The firm's mixture of debt and equity is called its capital structure. ... ecisely we can say that capital structure change will affect the WACC to increase or decrease with respect to the change that occurs in the capital structure. OPTIMAL CAPITAL STRUCTURE: The firm's mixture of debt and equity is called its capital structure. The fundamental source of a company's value is the stream of net cash flows generated by it assets. This stream is usually referred to as the company's net operating cash flow or earning before interest and taxes (EBIT). The capital structure adopted by a company divides the stream between different classes of investors. If a company is financed entirely by equity and there is no company tax, this entire stream is available to provide income to shareholders. If a company also borrows funds, the lenders have the first claim on the net operating cash flow and shareholders are entitled to the riskier, residual cash flow that remains after the lenders have been paid (Vernimmen, 2005). Manager should choose the capital structure that maximizes shareholder's wealth. The basic approach is to consider a trial capital structure based on the market values of the debt and equity, and then estimate the wealth of the sharehold ers under this capital structure. This approach is repeated until an optimal capital structure is identified. We have to take 5 steps into consideration to determine an "optimal capital structure", the steps are; 1. Estimate the interest rate the firm will pay 2. Estimate the cost of equity 3. Estimate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) 4. Estimate the free cash flow and their present value, which is the value of the firm 5. Deduct the value of the debt to find the shareholders' wealth which we want to maximize An investor in a company with a low debt-equity ratio is likely to attach a low

Fast food Essay Example for Free

Fast food Essay 1 Departm ent of Clinical Biochem istry , Gentofte Hospital Univ ersity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denm ark of Hum an Nutrition, Centre for Adv anced Food Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences, Univ ersity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denm ark 2 Departm ent Correspondence: A Astrup, Departm ent of Hum an Nutrition, RVA Univ ersity , 1 9 58 Frederiksberg C, Denm ark. Em ail: ast @kvl. dk Abstract. Although nutrition experts might be able to navigate the menus of fast-food restaurant chains, and based on the nutritional information, compose apparently healthy meals, there are still many reasons why frequent fast-food consumption at most chains is unhealthy and contributes to weight gain, obesity, type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Fast food generally has a high-energy density, which, together with large portion sizes, induces over consumption of calories. In addition, we have found it to be a myth that the typical fast-food meal is the same worldwide. Chemical analyses of 74 samples of fast-food menus consisting of French fries and fried chicken (nuggets/hot wings) bought in McDonalds and KFC outlets in 35 countries in 2005–2006 showed that the total fat content of the same menu varies from 41 to 65 g at McDonalds and from 42 to 74 g at KFC. In addition, fast food from major chains in most countries still contains unacceptably high levels of industrially produced trans-fatty acids (IP-TFA). IP-TFA have powerful biological effects and may contribute to increased weight gain, abdominal obesity, type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. The food quality and portion size need to be improved before it is safe to eat frequently at most fast-food chains. Key words: trans-fat t y acids, fast food, energy densit y Introduction In the documentary film Super Size Me, the character Mr Spurlock ate McDonalds food three times a day for 30 days and gained 11 kg. It is quite obvious that one can purposely overeat on almost any diet, but the film raises the question of whether fast food poses a special health risk. To what extent this behaviour is a realistic trait in the general population, and to what extent fast-food consumption contributes to obesity and other morbidities such as type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease, is still debatable. Before drawing any conclusion as to whether there are causal links between intake of fast foods and disease, ideally randomised trials should be conducted to provide robust evidence on this issue. However, it is highly unlikely that such trials comparing frequent and infrequent fast-food consumption will ever be carried out. We therefore have to rely on observational epidemiology and on mechanistic studies. www. nature. com/ijo/journal/v31/n6/full/0803616a. html 1/5 1/3/14 International Journal of Obesity Fast food: unfriendly and unhealthy Epidemiological studies A number of observational studies have assessed the association between frequent fast-food intake and weight gain. The American population study Cardia suggests that frequent fastfood consumption is positively associated with weight gain and risk of insulin resistance over 15 years. Individuals who had meals at fast-food restaurants more than two times a week gained 4. 5 kg more weight and had a 104% greater increase in insulin resistance, at both baseline and follow-up, than individuals who ate less than one fast-food meal per week. 1 This study was the first long-term project to find that people who frequently expose themselves to fast foods are at increased risk of weight gain over time and of developing type 2 diabetes. The study had several limitations such as the population size of only 3000 individuals and the fact that self-reported information about diet, physical activity and other lifestyle factors has inherent measurement errors. These factors, however, would normally tend to underestimate the strength of the identified associations. Other observational studies have to some extent supported the existence of a causal link. However, observational studies cannot prove that the association between fast-food consumption and weight gain is causal. It remains possible that frequent fast-food consumption is simply a marker for a generally unhealthy lifestyle (e. g. , less restrained eating behaviour, fatty and sweet food preferences, and a sedentary lifestyle), factors which are the real culprits in weight gain and in the increased risk of diabetes. Although every effort is made to adjust for potential confounders, one cannot adjust for unmeasured or unmeasurable lifestyle factors. Mechanisms by which fast food can be obesogenic Portion size. Despite the above-mentioned limitations in epidemiological observational studies, most of us would accept that the link between intake of fast foods and weight gain is causal because there are several mechanisms whereby fast foods could produce weight gain. At least two important features of fast food could explain why fast food is fattening, namely, large portion sizes and high-energy density. It is well established that the bigger the portion size, the more we consume. 2 Portion sizes of burgers, fried potatoes, pizzas, and soft drinks at fast-food outlets have all increased 2–5-fold over the last 50 years. 3 Energy density In addition to large portion sizes, fast food is also characterised by high-energy density, that is high energy-content/food-weight ratio. The energy density of the entire menu at fast-food outlets is typically 1100 kJ/100 g. 4 This is 65% higher than the average British diet ( 670 kJ/100 g) and more than twice the energy density of recommended healthy diets ( 525 kJ/100 g). Humans have only a weak innate ability to recognise foods with high-energy density and to downregulate the bulk eaten to meet energy requirements appropriately. 4 Industrially produced trans fat. French fries and fried meat from fast-food outlets contain high amounts of industrially produced trans-fatty acids. Trans fats are fats in margarines, spreads, and frying oils, produced by industrial hardening of vegetable or marine oils, to make the product more stable and robust for handling and storage. The hardening results in the creation of a so-called trans double bonds in the fatty acids of the lipids, in contrast to the normally occurring cis double bonds. This increases the melting points of the fats, thereby increasing shelf-life. Trans-fatty www. nature.com/ijo/journal/v31/n6/full/0803616a. html 2/5 1/3/14 International Journal of Obesity Fast food: unfriendly and unhealthy acids are also found naturally in meat from ruminants and in dairy products, but not nearly to the same extent as in industrially produced trans fat (up to 5%, as compared to up to 60% in fats), and not of the same types as in IP-TFA. In a worldwide study of the content of IP-TFA in fast foods, biscuits, and snacks, we found contents of IP-TFA ranging up to 50% of the fat in the products, enabling consumers to ingest 36 g of IP-TFA in a single meal in the US. 5 A daily intake of 5 g trans fat, corresponding to 2 energy percent, is associated with an approximately 30% increase in CHD risk. 6 Observational studies have found that a high intake of IP-TFA is stronger associated to the risk of weight gain and gain in abdominal fatness than to the intake of other fat sources. 7 Although unaccounted residual confounding cannot be ruled out, other sources of research support that the relationship is causal. First, IP-TFA serves as ligands for the PPAR- system and can exert a biological effect that promotes abdominal obesity. 6 Second, a recently reported long-term randomised trial in monkeys delivers robust evidence that IP-TFA induces weight gain and abdominal obesity. Kavanagh et al. 8 reported their findings at the 66th ADA meeting in Washington, D. C. For over 6 years monkeys were fed two different isocaloric, western-style diets that contained either 8% of their calories from trans fat or the same amount of fat calories as cis-monounsaturated fat. After 6 years, the IP-TFA fed monkeys had gained 7. 2% in body weight, compared to a 1. 8% increase in body weight in monkeys fed with cis-monounsaturated fats. CT scans showed that the monkeys on the trans-fat diet had deposited 30% more abdominal fat than the monkeys on the cismonounsaturated fat diet. Taken together these studies suggest that IP-TFA is obesity promoting, and that they particularly facilitate the deposition of the harmful abdominal fat associated with CHD. These findings can contribute to explaining why high intakes of IP-TFA may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. 9 Fat content in fast-food menus To select more healthy choices at the fast-food restaurants, nutritional labelling must be both available and accurate. While most chains provide nutritional information about total calories, calories from macronutrients, and fibre content of their products, we do not think that the average consumer who eats at a fast-food chain has the time or ability to make a reasonable estimate of health consequences of such meals or their contribution to the days caloric intake. The results of our analyses of total fat and trans fat in 74 French fries and fried chicken (nuggets/hot wings) samples bought in McDonalds and KFC outlets in 35 countries during 2005–2006 are given in Figure 1. The figures represent the total fat and trans fat content in 160 g of chicken meat and 171 g of French fries, corresponding to a large serving at an American McDonalds outlet. In these meals the total fat content varies from 41 to 65 g at McDonalds and from 42 to 74 g at KFC; the trans fat content varies from 0. 3 to 10. 2 and 0. 3 to 24 g, respectively. The differences in total fat content can – at least in part – be due to local taste preferences, but this is not the case for trans fat, which does not add a special flavour to the food. The results show that the same product, by the same provider, can vary in fat calorie content by more than 40%, and in trans fat content by several orders of magnitude. This demonstrates that the same product, unknown to the consumer, can vary substantially in its compliance with recommendations for healthy food. Figure 1. The entire length of the bar (both colours included) indicates the am ounts of total fat in a large fast-food m eal consisting of 1 7 1 g French fries and 1 6 0 g chicken nuggets. The darker colour indicates the am ounts of industrially produced trans fat. The v alues in parenthesis are the am ounts of trans fat as a percentage of total fat. www. nature. com/ijo/journal/v31/n6/full/0803616a. html 3/5 1/3/14 International Journal of Obesity Fast food: unfriendly and unhealthy Full figure and legend (305K) Conclusions Fast-food restaurant chains may argue that the evidence linking their products to the supersizing of their customers is too weak. But should not the customer be given the benefit of the doubt? Appropriate actions would include reducing portions to normal sizes, eliminating industrially produced trans fat, and selling burgers of lean meat, whole grain bread/buns, fatreduced mayonnaise, more vegetables, lower-fat fried potatoes, reduced-sugar soft drinks, etc. Moreover, reliable nutritional information should be given by the chains, which requires better standardisation of the foods used. 10 Although these measures may raise prices, such changes in fast-food meals would have no adverse health effects but quite the opposite! References 1. Pereira MA, Kartashov AI, Ebbeling CB, Van Horn L, Slattery ML, Jacobs Jr DR et al. Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis. Lancet 2005; 365: 36–42. | Article | PubMed | ISI | 2. Diliberti N, Bordi PL, Conklin MT, Roe LS, Rolls BJ. Increased portion size leads to increased energy intake in a restaurant meal. Obes Res 2004; 12: 562– 568. | PubMed | 3. Young LR, Nestle M. Expanding portion sizes in the US marketplace: implications for nutrition counseling. J Am Diet Assoc 2003; 103: 231–234. | Article | PubMed | ISI | 4. Prentice AM, Jebb SA. Fast foods, energy density and obesity: a possible mechanistic link. Obes Rev 2003; 4: 187–194. | Article | PubMed | ChemPort | 5. Stender S, Dyerberg J, Bysted A, Leth T, Astrup A. A trans world journey. Atheroscl Suppl 2006; 7: 47–52. | Article | 6. Mozaffarian D, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1601– 1613. | Article | PubMed | ChemPort | 7. Koh-Banerjee P, Chu NF, Spiegelman D, Rosner B, Colditz G, Willett W et al. Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking with 9-y gain in waist circumference among 16 587 US men. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 719–727. | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | 8. Kavanagh K, Jones K, Sawyer J, Kelly K, Wagner JD, Rudel LL. Trans fat diet induces insulin resistance in monkeys. Diabetes Care 2006. Proceedings of 66th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association: Abstract 328-OR. www. nature. com/ijo/journal/v31/n6/full/0803616a. html 4/5 1/3/14 International Journal of Obesity Fast food: unfriendly and unhealthy 9. Salmeron J, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rimm EB et al. Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73: 1019– 1026. | PubMed | ChemPort | 10. Astrup A. Super-sized and diabetic by frequent fast-food consumption? Lancet 2005; 365: 4–5. | Article | PubMed | Acknowledgements SS and JD declare no conflict of interest. AA is medical advisor for Weight Watchers, and is member of several advisory boards for food producers. The Department of Human Nutrition receives/has received research funding from over 50 Danish and international food companies. Otherwise, I declare no conflict of interest. International Journal of Obesity This journal is a m em ber of and subscribes to the principles of the Commit t ee on Publicat ion Et hics. ISSN 03 07 -056 5 EISSN 1 4 7 6 -54 9 7 About NPG Privacy policy Nat urejobs Cont act NPG Accessibilit y st at ement Use of cookies Legal not ice Nat ure Asia Nat ure Educat ion Help Terms RSS web feeds Search: go  © 2 0 1 4 Na t u r e Pu blish in g Gr ou p, a div ision of Ma cm illa n Pu blish er s Lim it ed. A ll Rig h t s Reser v ed. pa r t n er of A GORA , HINA RI, OA RE, INA SP, ORCID, Cr ossRef a n d COUNT ER www. nature. com/ijo/journal/v31/n6/full/0803616a. html 5/5.

Dmitri Shostakovich and the Soviet State Essay -- Soviet History

Dmitri Shostakovich was one of the most celebrated composers of the 20th century. He achieved fame, but with much hardship along the way. He was censored and threatened with not only his life but that of his wife and children by playing the role of a public figure in Soviet Russia. The question is was he a committed communist or a victim? The events in his life, good or bad, shaped the music that he created and led to one of the greatest symphonies of the 20th century, his Fifth Symphony. Born in Saint Petersburg, Russia on September 25, 1906, Shostakovich was the second of three children born to Dmitri Boleslavovich Shostakovich and Sofiya Vasilievna Kokoulina. His father was of Polish descent but both his parents were Siberian natives. Dmitri was a child prodigy as a pianist and composer. He began taking piano lessons from his mother at the age of nine. He displayed an incredible talent to remember what his mother had played at the previous lesson and would get caught pretending to read the music, playing the music from his last lesson instead of what was placed in front of him. In 1919, at the age of thirteen, he was allowed to enter the Petrograd Conservatory in Saint Petersburg and studied piano with Leonid Nikolayev. Because the conservatory was poorly funded, it did not have heat; the students had to wear coats, hats and gloves constantly only taking off their gloves when composing. Because of these poor living conditions Dmitri developed tuberculosis of the lymph glands in spring 1923 and had to have an operation. Nevertheless, he completed his final piano examinations at the conservatory in June with his neck still bandaged. Shostakovich, though very intelligent and talented, was seen as immature in his fin... ...alled. Works Cited †¢ Burkholder, J. Peter, Donald Jay Grout, and Claude V. Palisca. A history of western music. 8th ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 2010. Print. †¢ Fanning, David. Shostakovich studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print. †¢ Hurwitz, David, and DmitriÄ ­ Dmitrievich Shostakovich. Shostakovich symphonies and concertos: an owner's manual. Pompton Plains, N.J.: Amadeus ;, 2006. Print. †¢ Norris, Christopher. Shostakovich, the man and his music. Boston: M. Boyars, 1982. Print. †¢ Volkov, Solomon, and Antonina W. Bouis. Shostakovich and Stalin: the extraordinary relationship between the great composer and the brutal dictator. New York: Knopf, 2004. Print. †¢ David Fanning and Laurel Fay. "Shostakovich, Dmitry." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 14 Apr. 2012 .

History Ia 2013

A. Plan of the investigation The focus of the study is on the event of the Tiananmen Square Massacre and how the Chinese Communist Party government shocked the world. Moreover, the study focuses on the aftermaths and the international effects like how the United States decided how to deal with this violent act or how this event possibly encouraged protestors to fight against their corrupt government. This research paper will evaluate the extent of how international countries were affected by this event.Ranging from countries such as Germany to the United States, this investigation will encompass the mass effects and influences on other countries. Several of the sources used in the essay, include The Price of Heavenly Peace: Tiananmen Square 15 Years Later by Michael J. Thompson and a news article Where Capitalism Won, But Not Democracy interview of Robyn Meredyth about the Tiananmen Square Massacre. These sources will be identified for their origins, values, limitations, and credibil ity. B. Summary of Evidence On a night in June of 1989, the unthinkable happened.Otherwise known as the June Fourth Incident, the Tiananmen Square Massacre was the bloody result of seven weeks of continuous rebellion of Communist Party of China’s policies. â€Å"Perhaps thousands of people were killed in cold blood when the troops fired into crowds and army tanks ran over people† (Wong 2). Ranging from university students to faculty workers to intellectuals, this protest was executed mainly to promote freedom of speech and press, economic growth, help in education funds, and most importantly, a change towards democracy. After the tragic incident, societies began to question China’s motives and actions.The fight for democracy created great tensions between the people and the government. â€Å"†¦20 years later, China’s Communist Party remains solidly in power. It still suppresses dissent. In China, capitalism is championed, but democracy is still verb oten† (Meredith 2). Essentially this source discussed how even though the fight for democracy was lost by the people; China gained a severe change in the capitalistic features. For example, China’s Five-Year Plan was introduced before the Tiananmen Square incident, but the effect of the incident caused this plan to move towards a more industrialized turn.Eventually, China became known more for their capitalistic features than their infamous communist cover. The world-known Tank Man is said to have been one of the most influential figure of his time. â€Å"It all started with a man in a white shirt who walked into the street and raised his right hand no higher than a New Yorker hailing a taxi†¦Ã¢â‚¬  quoted James Barron, a writer for The New York Times (This newspaper article was published the day after the incident June 5, 1989). The descriptions of the tank man possibly lead to many historical events in the future.This demonstrated how if one lone individual has the courage to stand up against such a powerful government, why couldn’t a group do the same with their corrupt government in their countries? Over to the West of Asia, East and West Germany were suffering similar problems in that the two want to, once again, become one country. Shortly afterwards, the demolishing of the Berlin Wall began after protest which was deducted by the Tank Man’s courageous actions. Nearby locations such as Macau and Hong Kong have hundreds of thousands of protesters which disfavored the actions of the Communist Chinese Government.In Hong Kong, over 200,000 citizens protested in support of the brutal massacre. Because Hong Kong was still under British rule in 1989, they were afraid to be under Communist China’s rule, they were still scarred with fear in case of reunification with China. As a result of the terror, many Hong Kong citizens fled to other countries in hope to escape the confusion (On a side note, though Hong Kong is geograp hically in China, under British rule, the city is democratic). Though the international political effects of the massacre were definitely prominent amongst the countries, we must not forget the economic results of this event.Contrastingly, where democracy isn’t as prominent as in the United States, the Chinese weren’t as avid in protesting as the Hong Kong citizens were, but they viewed this incident as though it was a normal rebellion. In other words, the Chinese North Americans knew there would be a big turnout of events that will occur as a result of this protest. Other country’s views on China were significant to the economy in the foreign trading aspects because after this massacre, many of them feared that China would no longer be loyal to them. Major companies and corporations dislike doing business with suffering countries.At the time, China’s government and economy, have been slowly rising to become the leading nation, but due to this event, thei r growth was temporarily halted. Many worldwide companies were indecisive to whether or not they should help out their ally by encouraging trade once again which sparked China’s drive towards their capitalistic beginnings. After this event and ever since Google has been around, many citizens in China attempted to learn more about the Tiananmen Square Massacre, but to their disappointment, this searching capability is blocked â€Å"due to relevant laws, regulations and policies† (Thompson 8).Terms such â€Å"never forget† or â€Å"candle† have been censored in Chinese search engines in hope for the government to cover up their tracks. This action was very significant because although it helped China conceal information about the event so citizens wouldn’t dare question or further seek knowledge regarding the topic, other countries began hypothesizing the real reason behind China’s motives. C. Evaluation of sources Jan Wong is a Chinese-Canadi an who vacationed to Beijing. This interview was about a first-hand account of the witness of this event live from her balcony in a nearby hotel room.The vivid descriptions of her details make her account seem reliable enough to the point where an individual can distinguish her knowledge on this topic. Few people may question whether this is source is credible or not because she is part Chinese. Thompson carefully wrote his sources to depict the mysteries and after effects of China’s actions. Having visited the Tiananmen Square several times, Thompson writes in his research paper the great, vivid event that occurred that one night in 1989. He uses much data to support his claims between China and other foreign countries.Thompson sees the Tiananmen Square a burden to China’s progress in capitalistic development along with the rest of the world. China is known greatly for its censorship and how greatly they can cover up reasons that could probably allow other countries t o question their government. Gregory Clark, a former Australian diplomat who focuses on Chinese affairs, wrote an article in Japan Times stating that the Western culture was spreading a â€Å"myth† about the Tiananmen Square Massacre. This shows the extent of China’s power to censor what they feel should be heard and what should not.In order to protect the face of their government, even though there are eye-witness accounts of their wide-spread murder, the Chinese government had to take major precautions to ensure a sustainable relationship, economically and politically, with other international countries. D. Analysis In Jan Wong’s interview of her account in China during the Tiananmen Square Massacre, she mentions, â€Å"I wasn’t the only person watching; everybody on the street was watching† (Wong 3). Because Jan Wong was present during the time of the event, she witnessed the actions of the tank man.If any regular civilian were to see this event and be in complete awe of the actions of this courageous twenty year-old man, it reveals how there can be many more people in this world who might see the common man in a white T-shirt with plastic shopping bags. There are billions of people in this world and those who know about Tiananmen Square, and the millions that do, probably heard about the tank man. Though the tank man still remains anonymous after 23 years, this individual managed to influence the whole world not just on a social level, but also on an economic and political core.E. Conclusion This protest is considered one of the top 10 most influential protests along with the Boston Tea Party, Purple rain protests, and the Civil Rights March. The Tiananmen Square protest was originally meant to spread democracy in China and abandon communism. Through the years of peaceful protests, many lives were lost. After the Tiananmen Square incident though, countries from around the world were influenced by figures such as the Tank Man who had enough courage to step in front of the corrupted government in hope for it to change for the better.In addition to its efforts and outcomes, China’s capitalism is now becoming one of the leading nations in the world. The influence of Tank Man spread to East and West Germany which helped the taking down of the Berlin wall and once again uniting the two into one. F. Sources cited Conachy, James. â€Å"Ten Years since the Tiananmen Square Massacre. †Ã‚  World Socialist Web Site. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. . This source was a political lesson for the knowledge of the working class.The website is rather significant to this Internal assessment because it discusses about parts of the aftermath, and more importantly its effect on capitalism. This particular source is a very straightforward and unbiased work. The majority of this website was dedicated solely on the history. Ranging from important political figures such as Deng Xiao Ping to Liu Bin Yan, this we bsite helped narrow down descriptions of many political movements. Meredith, Robyn. â€Å"Where Capitalism Won, But Not Democracy. †Ã‚  Forbes. Forbes Magazine, n. d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. .This source focuses mainly on the detailed history of Tiananmen Massacre. The significance of this article to the essay is the background information and just the overall gist and feels of this head-turning movement. After the description of the event, Meredith then discusses the major impacts the massacre had on the fall of the Berlin Wall. Tiananmen massacre is not only large event hoping to draw attention from the Chinese government, but little do they know that this movement called for revolutions all over the world. Overall, the source was significant because of its focus on detail of the actual event.Thompson, Michael J. â€Å"The Price of Heavenly Peace: Tiananmen Square 15 Years Later. â€Å"Michael J. Thompson. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. . Similar to the article with â€Å"1 0 years†, the 15 year goes into more detail and begins to discuss more about the outside influence of different countries such as Russia. Also, Thompsons describes the influences on different beliefs all around the world. The article also talks about China’s original need for change which was the want for democratic power, but instead, they ended up as a capitalist country.This article helps provide the necessary information for the building blocks of repetitive reform. Wong, Jan. â€Å"Interview: Jan Wong [Witness of the Tank Man]. †Ã‚  PBS. PBS, 11 Apr. 2006. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. The interview with Jan Wong adds a whole new perspective to my knowledge on this topic. Her account may by the closest account because she was witnessing the event as it went on. As a third generation Chinese-Canadian, Wong recounts vivid details of her being in her hotel room nearby watching this protest take place. She describes in detail the horrific scene and the ominous area. AFTERM ATH AND LEGACY OF TIANANMEN SQUARE. †Ã‚  Facts and Details. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. . This website is dedicated to the more recent news even those from post-2000. A wide-variety of articles should be used because it allows the readers to see the events from different aspects of time periods. A perspective from the 1990s as opposed to the one in 2005. This article focuses mainly on the point of views from this time period. For example, now that we’ve evolved more from the time of the event, we see the massacre in a whole new way.

Modern Christian Movement

Christian Fundamentalism is both a movement and a code of rules, referring to the adherence to the religion and Biblical teachings (http://www.sullivan-county.com/news/index.htm, 2003). Nowadays, the term is often corrupted to describe extremists and terrorists, who attack multiculturalism, democracy and the basic concepts of family planning. The present paper is designed to discuss the movement and the underlying doctrine in details and compare it to the similar Islamic and Judaist religious movements and trends. The Modern Christian Movement emerged in the beginning of the 20th century in response to modernism, industrialization and the following reformations of social life towards democracy (Appleby et al, 2003). â€Å"The five â€Å"fundamentals† of Christian belief that were enumerated in a series of 12 paperback volumes containing scholarly essays on the Bible that appeared between 1910 and 1915. Those included: 1) Biblical inerrancy; 2) The divinity of Jesus; 3)The Virgin Birth; 4) The belief that Jesus died to redeem humankind; 5)An expectation of the Second Coming, or physical return, of Jesus Christ† (www.sullivan-county.com, 2003). Furthermore, the tracts contained the criticism of technological progress and modern theology and insisted upon the return to the initials, i.e. to the first century, when original Christianity was spreading.   The whole Bible was declared inerrant, in contrast to the other Christian movements, which refuted certain parts of the Gospel. Furthermore, fundamentalists had true hostility to those who didn’t share their beliefs up to the last point, as they alleged there was nothing redundant or useless in the Bible (Appleby et al, 2003), as the scriptures should have been viewed as instructions rather than edifying stories and narratives. The followers of the movement also believed in the sixth-day Creationism and therefore rejected the whole evolutionary science. More importantly, they asserted   that Bible should not have been interpreted, as it had to be understood literally, without searching any mystic contexts, as the scriptures were written specifically for ordinary people’s understanding (Appleby et al, 2003; Armstrong, 2001). Furthermore, fundamentalists prioritized faith over virtuous lifestyle, whereas the latter was nevertheless to correspond with the exact fundamentalist teachings. It also needs to be noted that fundamentalists viewed human being as basically sinful and violent: â€Å"Because Calvin, Luther, and Augustine all see humans as â€Å"depraved† and â€Å"born into sin† produced a very negative outlook on humanity. Also their idea of the â€Å"elect† creates an attitude that they are somehow â€Å"chosen† above all others. This puts them at odds with â€Å"mainline† or liberal Protestant churches that reject the Augustinian notions of human depravity† (www.sullivan-county.com, 2003). The history of the movement itself is also interesting and controversial. In the early 20th century, the disciples of the fundamentals began to establish churches and denominations in the United States and United Kingdom (Appleby et al, 2003). In 1910, the northern Presbyterian Church proclaimed the five aforementioned principal pillars. In 1919, the World’s Christian Association was found, and W.Riley agreed to head it. In 1920, the term â€Å"fundamentalist† was first used by Curtis Lee Laws, but the contemporary fundamentalists perceived the term ambivalently, as it sounded like a conceptually new religious movement (http://mb-soft.com/believe/text/fundamen.htm, 1997). Due to the penetration of liberalism into a number of American churches, fundamentalists began to criticize widely the transformation and peculiar ‘democratization’ of Baptist and Protestant churches. Furthermore, they rejected and even attempted to curb the contemporary efforts to re-interpret and reformulate the biblical teachings, and were themselves most consistent with the content of the King James Bible, published in 1611(Armstrong, 2001; Appleby et al, 2003). â€Å"Church struggles occurred in the Methodist Episcopal Church, the Protestant Episcopal Church, and even in the southern Presbyterian Church, but the grand battles were fought in the northern Presbyterian and northern Baptist denominations. Machen was the undisputed leader among Presbyterians, joined by Clarence E.Macartney† (mb-soft.com, 1997). Consequently, a number of organizations were created on the basis of the reformed Baptist and Presbyterian churches, which began to utilize the five fundamentals: the Fundamentalist Fellowship (1921), the National Federation of the Fundamentalists of the Northern Baptists (1921) and the Baptist Bible Union (1923). The unions developed their own policies in such issues as ordination of clergy ad education, and a number of particularly enthusiastic preachers denied the importance of literacy and declared Bible as their only ‘reader’ in the course of training (Armstrong, 2001; mb-soft.com, 1997). Approximately at the same time the fundamentalists began to interfere with the policies of public schools, specifically, with their curricula which included Darwinian evolution as a mandatory subject (Appleby et al, 2003). Since the 1940s, the fundamentalists split into two groups, the first one accepted the term â€Å"fundamentalism† and began to run to some extent separatist policies, whereas the second camp regarded the term as humiliating and positioning the followers of the movement as narrow-minded fanatics. The latter group, as one can understand, wished to expand the influence over Protestant churches and therefore declared their teaching as â€Å"evangelical†. This group soon ‘softened’ their hard-line Christian belief and gradually accepted the contemporary liberal ideas, expressed by a number of Protestant Church executives. Towards the late 1970s, there was a peak of the fundamentalists’ popularity, as   during Ronald Reagan campaign (Appleby et al , 2003), they were able to find answers to the most troublemaking issues like economic and social crises (in fact associated with the Vietnam War, but the adepts of the movement manipulated with the fall of the population’s moral and optimism and stated the contemporary mentality was erroneous). â€Å"They identified a new and more pervasive enemy, secular humanism, which they believed was responsible for eroding churches, schools, universities, the government, and above all families. They fought all enemies which they considered to be offspring of secular humanism, evolutionism, political and theological liberalism, loose personal morality, socialism and communism† (mb-soft.com, 1997). Thus, they employed the most powerful PR tools to influence public consciousness and arranged a number of protest actions, including the picketing family planning centers, certain education institutions and scientific laboratories in attempt to undermine the reputation of the mentioned organizations (Armstrong, 2001). Such religious activists as Jerry Falwell, pat Robertson and Hal Lindsey appeared on TV-screens as often as very popular politicians or the president and continued to encourage citizens to refuse from technological advancements, democratic ideology; the most radical fundamentalists even tried to curb immigration and force foreigners of different faith to leave the United States. The Fundamentalist Movement of the 1990s and the new millennium is still strong, but the organization has become much more ‘secluded’. Nowadays, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences has launched a new project that encourages scholars in the United States and around the world to study fundamentalism (http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/fund.html, 1998). They also theorized the religious doctrine and outlined the its basic characteristics, which include the manifestation of religious truth which must not be secreted, religious idealism as the major aspect of fundamentalist identity and demonization of any movements which diverge from the doctrine. Furthermore, â€Å"fundamentalists envision themselves as part of a cosmic struggle; they seize on historical moments and reinterpret them in the light of this cosmic struggle; they envy modernist cultural hegemony and try to overturn the distribution of power† (religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu, 1998). Appleby also discusses the major characteristics of the organized movement and stated and its primary course is the increase of the popularity of Christian religion. Furthermore, the members of the movement are selective and reject specific aspects of technological progress rather then modernity in general; the organization itself has â€Å"an elect or chosen membership; sharp group boundaries; charismatic authoritarian leaders and mandated behavioral requirement† (ibid, 1998). As one can understand, Christian fundamentalism has a lot in common with Islam and Judaism, especially in terms of the structure of the movement. For instance, both Orthodox Judaist and Islamic fundamentalist movements have the same organizational characteristics and regard themselves as the participants of a cosmic struggle. This trend, however, is not very notable in Judaism, whereas the most hard-line Muslim leaders (of radical organizations like al-Qaeda) wage true war against otherwise-minded, and, similarly to Christian fundamentalists, demonize anyone who dares challenge the teachings from the Holy Scriptures perceived as central. Judaism has always been less radical and its fundamentals are more related to the controversy over the origin of the Torah, which, as most Orthodox Judaists hold, derives actually from God rather than from humankind (Armstrong, 2001). Judaist Fundamentalism also includes â€Å"Laws of Rabbinic decree to better enforce Torah law (e.g. the prohibition of eating/cooking mixtures of milk and poultry); these laws are held to be created by the rabbis and are divinely inspired† (Armstrong, 2001, p. 385) and observes Rabbeinu Gershom’s prescriptions concerning the ban on reading letters, addressed to another person, the possibility of divorcing a female without her compliance and the regulation of eating habits. Islamic Fundamentalism refers to Sunni Islam, which recognized the Koran, Haddith and Sunnah and accordingly rejects the Shi’a laws. Similarly to the Christian Fundamentalism, the corresponding Islamic teaching includes the notion that â€Å"the problems of the world stem from secular influences. Further, the path to peace and justice lies in a return to the original message of Islam, combined with a scrupulous rejection of innovations† (Armstrong, 2001, p. 396). Technological progress is also partially rejected in the Judaist Fundamentalism – for instance, the Torah teaches that human face should not touch blade, that’s why Orthodox Jews avoid using razors and wear long beards. On the other hand, the Christian Fundamentalism has one unique feature, Messianism, which is not emphasized in the other two doctrines, as most Judaists do not view Christ as an influential religious person, whereas the concept of God’s son is absent is Islam. As one can understand, fundamentalism is to great extent synonymous to conservatism. Nevertheless, it is important to remember that the contemporary fundamentalist movement are based not purely upon the religious doctrines, but also on the aspects of PR, promotion and, if necessary, violence and compulsion. Furthermore, all of them enclose considerable restrictions upon human daily activities, – in Islam, for instance, practically all daily routines have certain algorithms; moreover, all of them challenge humanism and the principles of individual freedom, imposing personal responsibility and accountability to society or community (especially in Judaism) instead. Reference list Sullivan Country Resources. (2003). Christian Fundamentalism exposed. Available online at: http://www.sullivan-county.com/news/index.htm Religious Movements Homepage. (1998). Fundamentalism. Available online at: http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/fund.html Believe Web-Resources. (1997). (Christian) Fundamentalism. Available online at: http://mb-soft.com/believe/text/fundamen.htm Appleby, R., Almond, G. and Sivan, E. (2003). Strong Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Armstrong, K. (2001). The Battle of God: A History of Fundamentalism. New York: Ballantine Books.            

Quick Facts on the Korean War

Quick Facts on the Korean War The Korean War began on June 25, 1950 and ended on July 27, 1953. Where The Korean War took place on the Korean Peninsula, initially in South Korea, and then later in North Korea as well. Who North Korean communist forces called the North Korean Peoples Army (KPA) under President Kim Il-Sung began the war.  Mao Zedongs Chinese Peoples Volunteer Army (PVA) and the Soviet Red Army joined later. Note - the majority of the soldiers in the Peoples Volunteer Army were not really volunteers. On the other side, the South Korean Republic of Korea Army (ROK) joined forces with the United Nations. The UN force included troops from: United States (approx. 327,000)Great Britain (14,000)Canada (8,000)Turkey (5,500)Australia (2,300)Ethiopia (1,600)The Philippines (1,500)New Zealand (1,400)Thailand (1,300)Greece (1,250)France (1,200)Colombia (1,000)Belgium (900)South Africa (825)The Netherlands (800)Sweden (170)Norway (100)Denmark (100)Italy (70)India (70)Luxembourg (45) Maximum Troop Deployment South Korea and UN: 972,214 North Korea, China, USSR: 1,642,000 Who Won the Korean War? Neither side actually won the Korean War. In fact, the war goes on to this day, since the combatants never signed a peace treaty. South Korea did not even sign the Armistice agreement of July 27, 1953, and North Korea repudiated the armistice in 2013. In terms of territory, the two Koreas returned essentially to their pre-war boundaries, with a demilitarized zone (DMZ) dividing them roughly along the 38th parallel. The civilians on each side truly lost the war, which resulted in millions of civilian deaths and economic devastation. Total Estimated Casualties South Korea and UN troops: 178,236 killed, 32,844 missing, 566,314 wounded.North Korea, USSR, and Chinese troops: Numbers are unclear, but American estimates range from 367,000 to 750,000 killed, about 152,000 missing or taken prisoner  and 686,500 to 789,000 wounded.South Korean civilians: 373,599 killed, 229,625 wounded, and 387,744 missingNorth Korean civilians: estimated 1,550,000 casualtiesTotal civilian deaths and injuries: approximately 2.5 million Major Events and Turning Points June 25, 1950: North Korea invades South KoreaJune 28, 1950: North Korean forces capture southern capital, SeoulJune 30, 1950: US pledges troops to UN effort for defense of South KoreaSept. 15, 1950: ROK and UN troops confined to Pusan Perimeter, launch counter-offensive Invasion of InchonSept. 27, 1950: UN troops recapture SeoulOct. 9, 1950: ROK and UN troops drive KPA back across 38th Parallel, South Koreans and allies invade North KoreaOct. 19, 1950: ROK and UN capture northern capital of PyongyangOct. 26, 1950: South Korean and UN troops mass along Yalu River, the North Korea/China borderOct. 27, 1950: China enters war on North Korean side, pushes UN/South Korean troops backNov. 27-30, 1950: Battle of Chosin ReservoirJan. 15, 1951: North Korean and Chinese troops retake SeoulMarch 7 - April 4, 1951: Operation Ripper, ROK and UN push combined communist forces above 38th parallel againMarch 18, 1951: UN forces recapture Seoul once moreJuly 10 - Aug. 23, 1951: Truce negotiations at Kaesong amidst continued bloody fighting Nov. 27, 1951: 38th parallel set as line of demarcationThroughout 1952: Bloody battles and trench warfareApril 23, 1953: Kaesong peace talks resumeJuly 27, 1953: UN, North Korea, and China sign armistice, ending fighting More Information on the Korean War: Detailed Timeline of the Korean WarPhotographs from the Korean WarThe Invasion of IncheonMap of the Pusan Perimeter and the Invasion of Incheon

What Really Is The Best Headline Length

What Really Is The Best Headline Length How long should my headline be? Youve asked yourself this, and with good reason. In the content marketing world, a lot of  attention has been given to the headline of your blog post in recent years. Theres so much headline information out there, so many dos and donts, so many great tips that youre drowning in advice and you have no idea of what to actually do. You want a definitive answer in the form of a number or at least a firm set of guidelines. You dont want to hear  it depends. The truth is, it does depend. Sort of. It depends on what you want your headline to do. Do you know what you want from your headline? What Really Is The Best #Headline Length? #blogging via @JulieNeidlinger Write The Best  Headlines With A  Free Headline Analyzer The headline analyzer  will help you: Use headline types that get the most traction for social shares, traffic, and search engine ranking. Make sure you have the right word balance to write readable headlines that command attention. See the best  word and character length for search engines like Google and email subject lines, while also seeing  how your readers will scan your headlines. Try The Free Headline Analyzer Now How To Write The Best Headlines The Old School Way There are two schools of thought when it comes to headlines. Traditionally, headlines should be, according to Jakob Nielsen: Short, typically 5 words or less. People dont read very much online. Information-rich. The headline should summarize the article. Starts with keywords. People tend to scan, and read the first words most of all. Understandable, even out of context. Headlines often appear on their own, without articles. Especially in social media and search engine results. Predictable and match reader expectations. Dont frustrate your reader. They should get what they expect when they click. Nielsens shorter headlines arent the label variety. Label headlines are those which are short, but not terribly information rich. For example, a Nielsen headline might be Speeding Car Crashes Into Wall while an uninformative label-type headline might read Speeding Car. I Want My Headline To Perform Well On Social Media The second school of thought, however, is what we tend to see online now. And it seems to be  the exact opposite of what Nielsen says. A headline that performs well on social media is one that people share a lot, and click through a fair amount. But mostly share. The headline is often shared as much as the people sharing it will read. This is a unique situation in headline history. Instead of being helpful in the traditional sense (as described above), headlines are now meant to  invoke curiosity and capture clicks. Write #headlines to invoke curiosity and capture clicks. via @JulieNeidlingerThis is particularly important on social media, where news feeds are quickly cycling through, competition with other headlines is fierce, and you have to pull out all stops to get someone to notice. Long, rambling, and sometimes bordering on bizarre. Headlines now are often quite long and almost a story unto themselves. Though that is shifting somewhat from 2014 (the year of Upworthy-styled headlines), headlines still maintain a longer approach than Nielsen might recommend. Emotion-rich. What the article is about doesnt matter. Emotion does. Keywords are sparse. Few keywords, with more attention given to emotional subtexts. Not much context. Without the article, the headline is a worm on a hook and little more. Rely on shock/emotion/curiosity factor. Readers dont know what to expect, and thats why they click. How does that speeding car headline read for the social media age? How about 5 Reasons You Should Fear That Speeding Car. The social messages that accompany your blog posts wont necessarily be your headline. Youll probably customize them for repeated shares. But if you do rely on your blog post headline to be the body of the social message, then the ideal social message length will matter for your headlines. Buffers Kevan Lee has written a seriously comprehensive blog post about the ideal lengths of just about anything you could put online. Its packed with information on the length of just about everything, but check out what he discovered for the most popular social networks: Twitter: 71–100 characters Facebook: 40 characters Google+: 60 characters LinkedIn:  80–120 characters Depending upon which network you lean most heavily or get the most traction, you should consider making your headline fit the ideal length for that social  network. Within those character ranges, remember the importance of emotions in a headline that does well on social media. Emotional headlines, with specific trigger words, get shared more on social media. I Want My Headline To Do Well In Email Just like social media, you have the ability to customize your emails so that you rework how your headlines appear in the subject lines. But not everyone does. Sometimes the work you put into finding that perfect  headline can carry right on through to your email subject line. So how long should they be? MailChimp, the popular email provider, has stated that it doesnt really matter how long your subject lines are. Last year, we carried out our own tests on how our email subject lines fared. We found that an email subject line with around 50 characters fared the best. The conclusion? Find out what works for you by testing if you dont believe either MailChimp or our results. As you test your headlines in your email to determine what works, remember the difference between open rates and click-through rates. Open rates are not the same as click-through rates. An open rate is the percentage of total recipients that opened the email. In some email software, just by opening their inbox they open emails. The click-through rate is the percentage of those who opened and then clicked at least once. Aim for a high click-through rate as the basis of what a successful headline does, not just an open rate.

3 Cases of Missing Words and Phrases

3 Cases of Missing Words and Phrases 3 Cases of Missing Words and Phrases 3 Cases of Missing Words and Phrases By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, the absence of inadvertently omitted words and phrases leads to sentences that, though comprehensible, do not really say what they set out to communicate. Discussion after each example explains the problem, and revisions offer solutions. 1. The Voice mentor and Maroon 5 front man seemed to phone it in early on during the concert. In this sentence, the writer is under the mistaken impression that an article that is part of a composition title can serve double duty as an article integral to the syntax of the sentence in which the title is located. Replace the title with any other phrase that does not begin with the to see the problem. In this case, because the person in question is identified with phrases referencing two entertainment enterprises in which he is involved, simply insert an article at the head of the sentence and transpose the two phrases: â€Å"The Maroon 5 front man and The Voice mentor seemed to phone it in early on during the concert.† When this solution is not available because only one identifying phrase is employed, recast the sentence otherwise: â€Å"Levine, one of the mentors on The Voice, seemed to phone it in early on during the concert.† This revision is not as concise, but it has the advantage that it, unlike the original version, is syntactically sound. 2. We have observed systems at sites that often do not require any user authentication to interact with the physical environment and utilize unsupported and unpatched system software. It is initially unclear to the reader whether the phrase â€Å"utilize unsupported and unpatched system software† is parallel with the phrase â€Å"interact with the physical environment† or with the larger phrase that begins with require and ends with environment. Because the latter choice is the correct one, that should be repeated before the phrase beginning with utilize to match that phrase with the one beginning with require: â€Å"We have observed systems at sites that often do not require any user authentication to interact with the physical environment and that utilize unsupported and unpatched system software.† 3. Mobile app usage rates are flat but are now higher than ATMs. Here, mobile app usage rates are erroneously compared with ATMs; the comparison is between mobile app usage rates and ATM usage rates, and the sentence should explicitly state this, if only with a pronoun phrase in place of specifically parallel wording: â€Å"Mobile app usage rates are flat but are now higher than those for ATMs.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One SpellingHow to Pronounce MobileHow to Address Your Elders, Your Doctor, Young Children... and Your CEO

College students should have complete freedom to choose their own Essay

College students should have complete freedom to choose their own courses and create their own curriculums - Essay Example (Robertson & Smith, 1999, p.69) As the system functions today, college students are forced to conform to an educational model that was not designed in their interests. In other words, the existing educational system serves to indoctrinate young minds into obedient servants of the established social order. At the top of the social pyramid are the business and political elites, whose interests are reflected in the design of curricula. Hence, though it might lead to radical social upheavals, allowing greater freedom of choice within college campuses is the right way to go. Let us look at the rationale offered by those against freedom of choice in curricula and identify flaws in their arguments. A prominent advocate for less academic freedom was the sociologist Mortimer Adler, who stated that, left to their own choices, some students â€Å"will ‘downgrade’ their own education; therefore, adults should control these crucial choices so that such downgrading does not occur.† (Noddings, 2006, p.285) This fear is overstated, for college authorities can devise ways of ensuring that certain basic standards are met. Moreover, by what criteria are courses judged good and bad? In other words, the notion of ‘downgrading’ is very subjective. As John Dewey noted in his lectures, â€Å"a course in cooking, well planned and well executed, can induce critical thinking, increase cultural literacy, and provide valuable skills - it can be a "good" course. In contrast, a course in algebra may discourage critical thinking, add nothing to cultural literacy, and lead students to despair of acquiring useful skills - it can be a "bad" course.† (Noddings, 2006, p.285) Considering that John Dewey was the most influential educationist of last century, his views have to be heeded to. The essence of Dewey’s argument is that by there is more merit than what is apparent in courses such as

Good species Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Good species - Essay Example Second is the United Nation which replaced the League of Nation established in the year 1945 purposed to promote peace and stop chaos between nation-states. Third, is the global World Trade Organization (WTO), established to encourage free trade between nations. Fourth, are the regional organizations e.g. EU, NATO, AOS and AU and Product-specific IGOs like OPEC (Campbell, MacKinnon, and Stevens 51-121). NGOs, on the other hand, are private and individualized organizations that are free from government involvement. There are three classes of NGOs that are the environmental, humanitarian/Human rights and development. Environmental NGOs have obligations to promote clean and natural environment globally. Environmental NGOs duties involve the initiation of water, land and air clean-up; animal, landscape and resource preservation; and maintainable land use and resources (Campbell, MacKinnon, and Stevens 51-121). Development NGOs offers aid to promote social, political and economic growth in third world countries. Its efforts are on the expansion of economic and social structures, which enhance communities and terminate poverty in the society. Development NGOs duties involves school establishment, offering small loans to individuals, establishment of health-care amenities and programs, and providing farming education to the communities (Campbell, MacKinnon, and Stevens 51-121). Humanitarian/ Human rights NGOs have the obligation to supervise and report all abuses to human rights. Amnesty International is the most eminent NGOs responsible in researching and taking actions to stop and prevent human rights abuses. The organization carry out its duties with the guidance of rights reserved in Universal Declaration of Human Rights; rights that ask all the governments and other potent bodies obey the law. The organization duties involve various operations formulated to terminate women violence,

Critical Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Critical Reflection - Essay Example More importantly, the book showed me that it is possible that it was not only me to blame, and gave me a sense of hope that other students feeling this way now, can be helped more than I was. Rose looks at the foundations of such feelings, starting from the effects of labeling children: â€Å"The designation remedial has powerful implications in education – to be remedial is to be substandard, inadequate† (Rose, 1989, p. 209), and I recognized my own sense of myself, throughout school, in this. When teachers publicly separated me from the rest of my classmates, with good intentions, I am sure, because of the learning difficulty I have, it was devastating. As a Third Grader, my need to belong to the group was great, and the challenges I experienced were not only with the learning difficulty, but equally significantly, with the teachers’ and other children’s perception that I was different. I internalized their view of me and became unconfident and negative about myself and my abilities. At school, my classmates called me names, and I was no longer a â€Å"cool† friend. At home, my mother was supportive, but I could not get away from the feeling that I was disappointing her, because I could not so well at school. This isolation is another aspect of my life that I identified with in Rose’s book – a boy â€Å"Harold† writes: â€Å"I am lost in the woods. I cannot find my way out. I yell and yell. No one answered me. I climbed a tree then I fell out of the tree and broke my arm† (Rose, 1989, p. 119). While my situation was perhaps not as bad as Harold’s, I did see many of my classmates, struggling more than I did, even more isolated from the mainstream. Mike Rose realized that this boy was a lonely child, feeling rejected, and that it was these feelings, more than the boy’s learning challenges that caused him to not be able to perform well academically. This is

International business Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

International business - Personal Statement Example I believe that through the course I can gain sufficient knowledge to be able to handle such issues and other related problems associated with international business. My previous educational background has also motivated me to apply for this course. I am currently a BA student in this institution, which is relevant to my course because it entails business issues. So far, I have learned a lot about business administration and management, and I would like to widen this knowledge further to the international level. My choice to apply for the course in this school is because as a student here I have known the institution to be an excellent place. The culture of the school and its diversity are great opportunities to reckon, and they blend with my philosophy. The school values development of leaders and creation of knowledge in business issues, and that is exactly what I believe in. Business rocks the world; this institution creates knowledge in business; and I choose to be here. I am hoping to get a positive feedback from you soon. Thank you for your

Effective Leadership Traits Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effective Leadership Traits - Assignment Example The leaders should avoid panicking even though the situation does not work according to their expectations. Effective leaders should always work hard to assure their teams that everything is in control and that challenges always expected, but the most imperative thing is to focus on the main goal of the organization (Wart, 2012). The workers imitate their leaders; therefore, calm leaders will make workers calm and keep them working for better performance. Â  According to Wart (2012), effective leaders should be committed to performing their duties such as motivating their team and leading by example. A responsible leader sets the organizational goals and communicates them to their team. They build the capacity of the workers to pursue those goals by providing them with appropriate resources and motivating the workers to pursue organizational goals. Responsible leaders mobilize the organizational resources for the achievement of organizational goals and helping the workers to develop their careers and achieve self-fulfillment (Morse et. al., 2007). Therefore, effective leaders should have concern for both the organization and the workers by ensuring they grow together. Â  A leader is someone who has a vision of what the organization intends to achieve within a specified period both in the long-run and in short-term (Wart, 2012). There is a vacuum of knowledge between the leader and his or her team until that leader shares the vision with the team members. Effective leaders should be able to disseminate the knowledge they have to their team in a clear and concisely in order to enable them to move in the same direction.

International business Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

International business - Personal Statement Example I believe that through the course I can gain sufficient knowledge to be able to handle such issues and other related problems associated with international business. My previous educational background has also motivated me to apply for this course. I am currently a BA student in this institution, which is relevant to my course because it entails business issues. So far, I have learned a lot about business administration and management, and I would like to widen this knowledge further to the international level. My choice to apply for the course in this school is because as a student here I have known the institution to be an excellent place. The culture of the school and its diversity are great opportunities to reckon, and they blend with my philosophy. The school values development of leaders and creation of knowledge in business issues, and that is exactly what I believe in. Business rocks the world; this institution creates knowledge in business; and I choose to be here. I am hoping to get a positive feedback from you soon. Thank you for your

Three Impressionist Works of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Three Impressionist Works of Art - Essay Example The artists in the Impressionism subject matter were the daily work or routine in everyday’s life and the scenes during that period. They are known to include Camille Pissarro and Alfred Sisley who painted countryside and river scenes giving a clear example of what Impressionism was among another artist. Introduction In this context we are going to analyze critically on the contribution of three impressionists namely Claude Monet, Edouard Manet and Edgar Degas who are also known to be the contributors to the formation of Impressionism. In Claude Monet’s art we will use his art of a woman with a parasol, in Edouard’s art we will use his painting of Olympia (oil in canvas) while in Edgar’s art we will analyze his Glass of Absinthe (oil in canvas) Painting. Through their paintings, most artists were seen to be interested in their type of art and can be said to have influenced artists like Giuseppe De Nittis an Italian and James Abbott McNeill who was an Ameri can among others. In this setting, we will be able to see how the three painters tried to put across their negative feelings on the women as they show them as enjoying the freedom and luxury (Weinberg, 2009). 1. The three artists in the Impressionist period tried to use short strokes in painting using oil on canvas in which they used brighter colors by blending them to produce different shades in their paintings. In Claude Monet’s art which is believed to be her wife Camille Pissarro, he tries to portray a lady enjoying the breeze in the outside environment. In Edouard Manet’s painting on Olympia, there is a prostitute lying on the bed with white beddings which are tucked next to her is a lady who looks like her servant showing how she is relaxed. The nude picture of the prostitute can be seen to have won a necklace and a bangle showing how she is interested in jewelry which could be bought by the middle or upper class. In Edgar Degas pointing on the Glass of Absinthe commonly known as L’Absinthe, the setting is in a cafe with a lady and a gentleman sited next to a drink.

School days Essay Example for Free

School days Essay I feel wow pleased to write for Carmel times this time, not as a ‘Student’. It’s really a thrilling experience to write about the ‘Golden School days’. Those were the days which I am missing since half an year. It’s all due to the love and affection which I received from my alma mater, my second home, my school. Realization of the universal truth, I must say, â€Å"School is our second home† is indeed a mixed feeling. It brings happiness on my face as I have been made very strong and fit enough to survive in the competitive would ahead an d at the same time, brings tears to my eyes because of the fact that I won’t get to live ‘those days ‘ again. ‘School days’ is indeed a vast topic to write. I start my day by praying y due respect to the principal, Fr. Mathew, who is the source of inspiration and moral strength for all of us. I express my sincere thanks and gratitude to all my dear teachers, who took the place of parent and shaped the piece of mud. School days were all of fun. It wasn’t merely classes of various subjects, exams, and results but also the beginning of my life is a student. Teachers not only taught the lessons but also sharpened our abilities and cultivate excellent values through each and every word they taught. The flowers in the farm of their word adorned the creeper of my life. I learnt English, arts, plays of great writers with the same enthusiasm with which I had learnt â€Å"A B C D’ from my pre-primary teachers. Starting with the numbers, math’s always seemed a magic till the end. Learning my mother tongue, Marathi in a convenient school was a thrilling experience . ti is simply impossible to forget the Hindi and Sanskrit classes. Science connected me with past happiness and Geography took me across the globe indeed. Other than academics subjects my school provided me all opportunities of all extra – curricular activities. I was guided, inspired and at the same time my ears pulled when I did something wrong and was brought back to the path of goodness. It is needless to express my gratitude towards all my friends and classmates. They were the one who made my days wow enjoyable and memorable. They always stood with me through thick and thin and gave the warmth of real friendship and brotherhood keeping aside all our likes and dislikes. Playing with them, having lunch with them, but chatting was all of fun. Many misunderstandings and contradiction took place but they were all to make the bond between us more stronger†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. So, there’s lot to write but I take a Pause what I want to tell you is, live your School days to the maximum. Store all what is good and see the change in your life. Respect and obey all your teachers for they always wish and pray for your betterment. Keep a healthy atmosphere among all your classmates which will help you in your tears, mould your personality and indeed a great success, live each how of these days. Piyush mundada.

Comparison Of Civilian And Military Police Criminology Essay

Comparison Of Civilian And Military Police Criminology Essay In the society we live in today it would be hard to imagine the world without police. The police give our societies the structure they need to function properly and continue to grow. There have been many forms of police throughout time dating back to the ancient world in China. The first known or documented style of governments using police took place in China thousands of years ago. Before police existed it was impossible for societies to grow and function properly. Ancient world governments had no way of ruling the people without some type of law enforcement agency to keep the people in order. Thomas Hobbes, who was a philosopher back in the sixteen hundreds, had a belief that all people were born evil (Williams, 2006). He felt that when humans were born they were greedy and selfish. Although this belief has been argued and disputed for centuries the basis of his belief makes you wonder. Humans are considered animals, we belong to the animal kingdom and although show many different and improved traits than most, we are in fact animals. Now, knowing that and seeing how other animals act in the wild without organization and enforcement it makes you understand where he was coming from. It is not that we are evil; it is just that we are born without the knowledge of what is right and what is wrong and need to be taught at very young ages the difference between the two. Along with knowing the difference between what is right and what is wrong; what also helps us understand and differentiate between good and bad is punishment. Without the reinforcement and threat of punishment it would be difficult to remain good in societys eyes. The police provide societies with the threat of punishment for violating the laws set by the government. They also have the ability to enforce laws and protect the general public from harm. In the ancient world the governments were finding it hard to rule large amounts of people without having some style of enforcement over them. In Ancient Greece, police were used mainly for crowd control which could often cause situations to escalate out of hand. Another thing unique about the ancient times is that normally the civilian populous was responsible for policing themselves. In small communities and societies the population could operate with little or no police, relying mainly on the citizens policing themselves. However, when dealing with large societies that cover vast amounts of land this method would result in nothing but disaster. As times went on police began taking on more tasks within society. Over hundreds of years of trial and error the policing system made it way to the United States. At the time the United States was a newly settled and uprising country which needed some type of enforcement to keep it on the right track. The original United States system of pol icing was adopted from the British form. This form of policing laid the framework for the next two hundred years for our country to improve our police structure and organization. The police organizational structure is broken down in seven elements. According to Mintzberg, an organizational structure can be defined simply the sum total of ways in which an organization divides its labor into distinct tasks and then achieves coordination among them (Mintzberg, 1979). When looking at the big picture of a police department there is an overall goal that needs to be accomplished. This goal is divided into a mission statement of what the departments overall goal is. From that overall mission statement the department can determine what needs to be done to accomplish it. After determining the subtasks to be accomplished the department can divide its labor force amongst the tasks to meet the requirement. Now once the plans have been set the department can work towards reaching its goals together. The seven specific elements of law enforcement organizational structure include: functional differentiation, occupational differentiation, spatial differentiation, vertical dif ferentiation, centralization, formalization and administrative intensity. According to Peak the first four elements are methods of dividing labor. The first element is functional differentiation which is having multiple functions within to deal with different issues. Having functional differentiation within a police structure to properly distribute their officers amongst areas where they are needed. It also allows for officers to focus on just what is important to the overall goals by not having to be experts in all areas. The second element is occupational differentiation which is overall how a police structure divides its job titles throughout to the employees. Through proper occupational differentiation a police organization will not have to rely on specifically trained personnel to accomplish other tasks. In most civilian departments there are sergeants responsible for their shifts workers (Dempsey Forst, 2010). The military works almost the same way with senior non commissioned officers being in charge for their respective shift of days or nights. Th e third element is spatial differentiation which would be how widely spread an organization is. Spatial the word refers to occupying space which applies to this element when dealing with physically spreading the organization. Spatial differentiation is not as required in small organizations but in large organizations it is required. When dealing with large areas with many personnel and vast areas of jurisdiction spatial differentiation allows organizations to spread out to meet mission requirements throughout the whole area more efficiently. The fourth element that deals with dividing labor throughout the organization is vertical differentiation. Vertical differentiation deals with chains of command within police organizations. One role that all police officers must perform is leadership. Police officers are taught early in training academies about proper use of the chain of command. When dealing with large organizations the chain of command can become fairly large. It is important for personnel to known their specific chain of command and how to properly use it. Proper use of the chain on command can allow issues to be resolved at the lowest level possible to allow higher tier personnel in chain of command to deal with more important issues (Dantzker, 1999). Going outside the chain of command can cause many problems to moral and overall status of an organization and should be avoided at all times if possible. The fifth element of police structure takes on a different approach to organization. Instead of dealing with dividing labor, centralization is how much control in the decision making process the personnel has. In many smaller police departments the higher tier leadership has say in majority of decision making. Some larger departments allow their personnel to have autonomy to make decisions on their own, and are considered less centralized. Formalization is the sixth element of police structure and is the extent laws and guidelines are enforced on employees. There are many laws that can limit how effective the police departments are, using formalization the amount of laws enforced on a department can be increased and allow them to become more efficient. The last element is administrative intensity which is how proportionate personnel are spaced between the admin and operational sides of a department. Organizations with high levels of administrative intensity are often thought of as be ing more bureaucratic (Peak, 2010). In a bureaucratic organization laws and regulations come from leadership within the department and often become very top heavy. Once a department has its seven elements of organization and structure we can look at the basic police organizational structure. The Chief of Police is at the top of the structure and chain of command. Police Chiefs are not elected like Sheriffs but municipal employees who serve the city. The Chief has many duties and responsibilities such as setting the departments mission and keeping it achievable. They must oversee all operations and keep improving and developing its departments personnel and equipment. Below the Chief the basic structure divides into two branches, the first being the Operations side and the other being Services. Within the Operations branch you will find patrol officers, investigations and youth activities sub divisions. Operations also deals with training personnel to effective achieve the mission set by the Chief. The Services branch of a department deals with staff services such as budget management, fiscal year planning, manning and personnel issues. Although both branches are equally important quiet often more emphasis is placed on the operations branch due to it being more in the publics eye than the services support branch. The civilian basic organizational structure is very similar to the militarys basic police organization. Within the civilian organization below the Chief are Captains, Lieutenants, and Sergeants much like the military model where each rank has their own duties and responsibilities (Dantzker, 1999). I will now take a look at the comparison of civilian police and military police organizational structures and how the seven elements apply. In the typical military police structure there is the equivalent of the police chief. In the military they are referred to as Chief, Security Forces (CSF). Their job is to provide leadership and direction to all personnel within the organization. They set the mission of the unit and ensure it is achievable just like the police chief. Beneath the CSF there are three main branches, unlike the civilian structure of two. The first branch is operations which deal with investigations, confinement, installation security and patrols. Within the operations branch many more sub divisions can be created much like the civilian structure to deal with mission specific issues and specialties like canine teams and special reaction teams. The second branch is administrative which deals with information security, staff services and reports and analysis. The third branch in the military structure is resources and training. This branch was included in the civilian police branch of operations. Within this branch supplies, equipment, deployments and training are covered. The military structure works with normally more personnel and divides its labor among more groups to allow them to focus on single objectives rather than multiple tasks which falls under the occupational differentiation element of organization. The military utilizes vertical differentiation through having a clearly defined chain of command. Although it seems sometimes like you have almost too many people above you in the chain it is built that way for a reason. The military focuses greatly on proper use of the chain of command to deal with issues at the lowest level possible with having to involve the higher tier with resolvable issues. Military structures are not as spatially differentiated as civilian departments due to the lack of physical occupation. Most military bases are limited and space and jurisdiction is limited to base perimeter. Some military bases like those in Korea have off base patrols in coordination with local government but their jurisdiction is limited. Vertical differentiation is very broad in the military structure allowing for members to remain focused on their specialty but also allows for them to move around within the structures when they have mastered one area. It can be presumed that the military structure was based on the civilian police structure but has been slightly modified to better accomplish the mission. Many military personnel who worked police duties normally have later in their careers made the switch to civilian police departments. I will now talk about how the basics of structure can assist and hinder them as they make the switch. The military police structure and training can serve as a great basis for members to make an easier transition to the civilian police departments. Many military members join and volunteer to become security police with the goal of someday returning home and working for their local police departments. With this goal in the back of their mind they can focus on learning the basics of police duties and get a feel for how working in a civilian department would be. The military police structure is based on the civilian equivalent, therefore very similar in many ways. Working under one overall boss, either the Chief of Police or Chief, Security Forces allows officers to learn how one persons objective and mission goals can be accomplished by many personnel working together. Military police perform as law enforcement to military members who do not obey laws and often include a criminal investigations division much like the civilian departments (Green, 2000). All military branches have a form of military police. The US Army and Marines have Military Police, the US Air Force has Security Forces and the US Navy has Masters at Arms. All the above listed allow for their respective branch to have enforcement of laws and regulations on their installations. The military training for their police is very similar to the civilian equivalent. Basic training such as self-defense, weapon employment, hand-cuffing, personnel searches and dealing with the public are almost identical to that of civilian police academy training. The basic principles and training provided to military police can greatly assist them if they decide to become civilian police but there are also areas where it may hinder them. Military personnel are more strictly limited to what laws they can enforce. Military personnel are very rarely allowed to enforce laws on civilians. Based on Title 18, United States Code, when civilian personnel commit crimes on military installations military police are allowed to detain the suspect but not arrest them. Rules like these in my eyes can help and hurt their police officer abilities. I can see these rules if followed as a show of restraint which is an important characteristic for a law enforcement agent. The ability to not abuse their authority could help younger patrol officers learn when to use their position and when not to. Rules and limits on who military police can and cannot apprehend could harm them if they transition to civilian police duties by them not having enough experience in dealing with civilians. Anyone who has served in the military can normally look at a group of people and pick out the military members from the civilians. There are distinct traits a nd characteristics that can help identify who is in the military. The same traits and characteristics apply to personnel being detained or apprehended. Military members are more likely to comply with military police as civilian suspects are more likely to be resistant to comply with military police. Military members often do not normally deal with high stress situations as much as civilian police do. The military police organizations have created subdivisions to deal with serious crimes and situations such as Air Force Office of Special Investigation, Investigations, and Special Reaction Teams. With that being the case, normally military police have very limited experience with high stress situations. This could diffidently hinder them when making the switch to a civilian police career field. In todays military more and more duties formerly performed by military members and being passed over to civilians. The first duty to be passed off was working the gate or entry control point. L ittle by little just about every base has passed these duties off to civilians. A minor task like working the gate gave young military police experience with dealing with the public and traffic control. More recently the military has begun to pass off duties like on base patrols to civilian contractors. This giving away of duties again can hinder military police. Patrolling the base was maybe the most similar duty performed by civilian police departments. Now that this job has been eliminated from the militaries duties it can again diffidently hinder the military polices experience when dealing with the public, maintaining order, enforcing laws and attention to duty. In my eyes, former military police can make very good civilian police officers. They have the ability to be trained, they have basic understanding of the organization and structure due to them being very similar. They have basic understanding of duties and responsibilities and although limited in experience, most police careers you learn more through job experience than training.

Ecoterrorism :: American Government, Bush, Eco-saboteurs

Unquestionably, some of the typical targets of Eco-saboteurs are companies that use pesticides, new construction sites, SUV owners, biotech labs, and fast-food restaurants (Gale, 2006). Eco-saboteurs are members of the group called Earth Liberation Front (ELF) an Eco-terrorist group which in their ideology are protectors of the environment. They may also have been influenced by the publication of several books, including The Anarchist Cookbook (1971), by William Powell; Ecotage! (1972), edited by Sam Love and David Obst; and The Monkey Wrench Gang (1976), by Edward Abbey, a novel about four "ecoteurs" who roam the Southwestern United States blowing up bridges and vandalizing bulldozers in the name of environmental protection (Gale, 2006). The ELF group was inspired by Edward Abbey's 1975 novel, "The Monkey Wrench Gang", that was influential therefore the term "monkey wrench" has come to mean. Moreover, after September 11, 2001, many Americans were in fear and demanded a change in priorities from former President Bush. Americans showed full patriotic support for former President Bush and his counter-terrorism policies (Whipple, 2002). President Bush made instant comparisons between the ELF and Al Qaeda. The term Eco-terrorism has many complications of defining Terrorism. Eco-Terrorism can be defined by the Federal Bureau of investigation as "the use or threatened use of violence of a criminal nature against people or property by an environmentally oriented, sub-national group for environmental-political reasons, or aimed at an audience beyond the target, often of a symbolic nature (Long, 1998). Pursuing this further, this needs redefinition because of the term "terrorism." Terrorism is acts of terror with no remorse for human safety. Not all Eco-protestors create collateral damage which is violent acts on facilities that affect the environment negatively. Their have been many nonviolent civil disobedience's which have had an impact on American history in a positive way. For example, the Civil Rights Movement, led by Martin Luther King, Jr. and others, included sit-ins and illegal marches which weakened segregation in the south. Another example was the Women's Suffrage Movement that lasted from 1848 until 1920, when thousands of courageous women marched in the streets, endured hunger strikes, and submitted to arrest and jail in order to gain the right to vote. Also the Anti-war movement which were actions that have included refusal to pay for war, refusal to enlist in the military, occupation of draft centers, sit-ins, blockades, peace camps, and refusal to allow military r ecruiters on high school and college campuses (Starr, 1998).

James Boag Marketing Report

James Boag Premium â€Å"What would you like to drink today? † Strategic Marketing Planning MBA 9006 Marketing Semester 1, 2008 Table Of Contents Page Executive Summary:3 The beer market:4 Market share:5 Financial overview:5 Strategic Gap:7 Strategic Positioning:8 Product Life cycle:8 Boston Consulting Group and GE/McKinsey Matrix:9 Competitive Advantage:10 Ansoff Product – Market Mix:11 Marketing Strategy:12 Target Market:12 Brand Positioning:13 Product Strategy:15 Pricing Strategy:15 Distribution Strategy:16 Integrated Marketing Communication Strategy:17 Advertising17 Sponsorship17 Point of Purchase and Packaging17 Promotion17 Public Relations18 Marketing Budget:18 Implementation:18 Evaluation and control:19 Conclusion:20 Appendices:21-36 Executive Summary: Beer sales in Australia have been showing a downward trend, with the exception of the premium beer segment which has shown a strong growth of 9% annually. The James Boag premium beer has established itself as the #2 brand of premium beer in Australia. Building on our strategic acquisition of James Boag we hope to continue increasing our market share of this growing premium beer segment by exploiting and building further on James Boag brand equity. In 2007, 78% of our sales revenue was generated from beer, thus protecting this segment becomes crucially important for us to maintain our financial profits. Beer sales revenue has been growing at 5% pa for the previous years. With the increased drive on marketing for the James Boag brand we hope to capture a healthy share of the growing premium beer segment and also nhance this growth to 6% pa for the forecasted periods of 2008-2010. As the premium beer segment is in a growth phase, James Boag premium beer is strategically placed as a â€Å"Star†. Increased investments towards building the brand and increasing market penetration would help generate greater financial profits. However this strategy would require an increase in marketing expenditures to the tuneA$54 million in 2008, a rise of 10% pa compared to the previous average of 2%pa. This increase in expenditure would allow us increase our total market share of James Boag premium beer to 18% from its present 9%. This Strategic marketing plan proposes a strategy to not only meet financial objectives, but also to reinforce, and increase brand awareness. Capturing market share by highlighting differentiated value, as against devaluing our price, would be the main focus of our growth strategy. The new product development of the James Boag premium light would help capture the growing female beer patron segment. Introduction of Casks and Draught beers at pubs and restaurants would further strengthen the availability, market share and brand image of our range. For our James Boag range we would introduce specially embossed serving glasses, distinctive packaging, associating the range with other premium luxury bands, targeting corporate events and membership boxes at premium sport events, would be some of the key strategies. In terms of pricing, we would like to maintain our present price of A$50 per case, in order to communicate the premium status, and also indicate the price –value relationship of our brand. This plan also exhibits a staggered implementation, evaluation and control plan for our organization over the periods 2008-2010. Success of the implementation would be closed monitored by clearly defined performance indicators. The beer market: The beer market has lost some its share to wines and other healthier alternatives. However, though the beer market in general is declining in share, the premium beer market has shown an increase in its share value since 2002 till present. Data monitor 2006 (Appendix A: Exhibit 1) Beer in Australia gives the total value of the beer market segment in Australia at $3,939 million AUD. The growth of the total beer market has been around 2% for the past 5 years, and the premium beer segment makes about 21% of this market share. The premium beer segment is poised to grow at around 10% per annum and in the past year itself the growth of the premium beer has been at 9. 1% by volume. (Appendix A: Exhibit 2) The table below shows the forecasted growth in value for the beer market in total and the relative growth of the premium beer segment for years 2008-10. Beer market forecast | |   |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Total value in AUD/millions |4,151 |4,234 |4,319 | |Premium beer value in AUD/millions |1,411 |1,736 |2,073 | Lion Nathan has generated 78% of their total sales revenue from beers. This revenue could be threatened by the downward sales trend of the beer market in general. Thus cashing in on the upward trend of premiumisation would be key to the maintenance and growth of the company for the near future. In 2007 majority revenue for the year was generated due to the â€Å"Power brands†, which are Tooheys extra dry, XXX gold, Hahn super dry, and international premium brands like Heineken and Becks. Hahn super dry and International premium brands grew by 18% last year, with Heineken being in the forefront. 1] These power brands can be further divided into the High premium brands like Heineken and Becks and lower premium brands like XXX Gold and Tooheys . The strategic acquisition of James Boag breweries in Nov 2007 has further enhanced the high premium beer range with the addition of the James Boag premium collection. Market share: Lion-Nathan Ltd has 35-39% beer market share by volume. While it’s main competitor Fosters Ltd has been enjoying a market share of 50%. In this duopoly market structure other small breweries comprise of the remaining 10-15% of the market. Appendix A: Exhibit 3). With the shrinking beer market in general, we estimate that the growing premium beer segment shall be the most competitive arena for beer marketing in the near future. With the goal of greater return to the shareholders, and with the vision to become #1 beverage company in Australia, Lion-Nathan Ltd shall have to focus all its strengths in the fight for this growing beer segment. Financial overview: Du-Pont analysis of Lion-Nathan Ltd reveals an asset efficiently ratio of 0. 07 for 2002 to 2005 and there was a sudden surge to 0. 0 in 2006 due to the sale of non performing assets by the company (Appendix B: Exhibit 1). Closer the ratio towards 1 signifies better returns to shareholders. For the period of 2008-10 we forecast that this ratio of 0. 3 would be maintained and further improved by increasing sales revenue and greater market share capt ure. Marketing and advertisement expenditures are forecasted at 10% increment per annum, an increase of 8% from the previous average, this increase is in line with the proposed marketing strategies. The sales revenue of Lion-Nathan Ltd for 2002-2007 has been growing between 4-5% per year. Focusing our efforts on the growing premium beer market segment we estimate that sales revenue growth for 2008-2010 would be at 6% per annum. [pic] |   |2003 | |Existing | | | | | |Market |Market |James Boag Premium Beer New Product Development |James Boag premium light | | |Penetration | | |beer | |New | | | | | |markets |Market |Female drinkers | |Casks and Draught Beers | | |Development |Health conscious consumers |Diversification | | Using the Ansoff matrix above, the following marketing strategy requirement can be identified for James Boag brand: Market Penetration: To increase and maintain sales of existing products – Increase brand profile and strategically link James Boag premium beer with other James Boag products to ensure and increase market penetration. – Explore and build on existing routes to market and strengthen existing relationship with both on-trade and off-trade distribution networks Due to increasing consumer preference for dining out and travelling, there is potential to increase sales through targeted marketing at specific areas. Market Development: – Capitalise on female preferences to opt for premium beer when having one. – Develop strategies to tap into the overseas market New Product Development: The Australian beer market is seeing an increasing trend towards consumption of premium beers. Also as the consumers is becoming more health conscious, through developme nt of James Boag premium light, it would enable us to fulfil both the criteria of an otherwise discerning consumer. Diversification: James Boag till now has been limited by its geographical location and thus has concentrated on branded bottled beers as means of distribution, but now building on distributive strengths of Lion Nathan it should broaden its distribution to include casks and draught beers thus allowing the brand to reinforce its image of quality, taste and freshness. Marketing Strategy: The above analysis would suggest the following strategic implication for James Boag premium Beer. (Appendix C: Exhibit 3) ? Protect Market share and retain loyal costumers Stress brand differentiation to attract and also wean away customers of competitor product. ? Reposition brand if necessary to achieve dominant position ? Emphasize product quality ? Identify and exploit growth segments ? Increase distribution ? Maintain profit margin Target Market: Situational analysis shows that significant amount of premium beer buyers fall under 25-45 years age predominantly male, educated with high disposable inc ome and status conscious. The buying preference is dependent on occasions and situation. However, there is not much brand loyalty. Males prefer to have premium beer on occasion like after work drinks, when entertaining guests or business associates in restaurants and corporate events. Choice of the premium beer usually depends upon the image the brand personifies and availability and they are more likely to pay more for discernible quality attributes they associate with particular brands . Females though in minority are slowly gravitating towards beer drinking and usually prefer to have one in similar occasions like parties, after work rinks and sports events. However, when they do indulge themselves they prefer a premium brand and are more likely to be influenced in their choice by philosophy of the brand, taste of the beer and design and label of the bottle. They are also more likely to ask for a premium light beer in such social occasions for their need to stay in control. Brand Positioning: Consumers choice tends to be driven by image of the brand , awards won, recom mendation from peers and variety available rather than brand loyalty. Thus focusing on brand development will strategically enhance brand power. Branding would also enable us to position our brand to create a better fit between our product and needs and values of the target audience which in turn would help us attract and retain ownership of the customers. This strategy will also benefit by having a spill over effect to other James Boag products. However, the challenge would be to achieve this in a highly competitive market, while appealing to a sophisticated consumer who has a massive range of beverage choices. The key to achieving this would be through, building the brand’s prestige and distinctive values through the advertising campaign in order to differentiate the brand from the aggressive competition in the category and create a proposition that is attractive to premium beer drinkers. The values the brand should position itself to personify are of high quality refreshing beer aimed at successful, in-control, high achieving individuals deserving the best. (Appendix C: Exhibit 4) For this purpose James Boag premium will be marketed as the flagship beer for the brand. In line with the overall strategy, both Premium and Premium light beer bottles would have similar coloured distinctive, easily identifiable bottles with an embossed logo and following brand stickers displayed on them. James Boag Premium James Boag Premium Light The specially designed sticker helps reinforce our brand message of a unique, refreshing, original, premium quality brewed beer and also indicates towards our origins from Tasmania. The back of the bottle will bear a sticker with a short description about the tasting notes and brewing details about the beer. This strategy will work in three ways – reinforce the premium tag, easy differentiation from our competitor’s products and establish ownership over the brand. Other strategies to support in building the brand equity include †¢ Continuing submission of James Boag premium beers into key international beer award †¢ Participate in key federal and state tourism initiative †¢ Actively pursue promotion at key events like corporate functions and sports events( such as tennis, golf, sailing , formula racing etc ) to create association with the brand To this end the allocation for marketing spend on Premium and Premium light beer will be in 70% vs 30% ratio. We will use James Boag’s Premium’s communication campaign to develop the brand values for the James Boag brand whilst the aim of the James Boag’s Premium Light campaign is to predominantly raise awareness of the brand. Product Strategy: The James Boag premium beer will be the flagship beer and our strategy would be to continue to draw consumers to this quality awarded beer. We would leverage the quality and interest generated with this product and seek to drive sales seeing that consumers clearly like this product. James Boag Premium Light will be aimed more towards female market and for times when customers are in light beer occasion. Through this line extension we will seek to extend and expand on our market share and also prevent consumers to turning towards our competitor brand. For on-trade sales through pubs and restaurant, our range would be served in specially crafted James Boag logo embossed glasses. For sales through supermarkets and liquor stores the beer would be sold in distinctive James Boag logo packaging. Corporate functions and sales at other events will be targeted with newly designed and distinctive casks with draining taps. It is hoped these steps would build on our communication campaign to sell our brand as an experience and also at the same time in some manner fulfil the desires and values our consumers are aiming for. Pricing Strategy: The key objective of pricing strategy is association of brand with quality. Product life cycle map of James Boag premium is in the growth phase, which would suggests pricing strategy should be, to maintain price and retain consumer base. Consistent with our brand strategy of focused differentiation, it would be recommended that the most appropriate method of creating pricing strategy would be to use price-value relationship. Price-value relationship would allow us to indicate our product is premium , and our brand satisfies key values the consumers are looking for. However, it would be important to price our product strategically as pricing above the market leader may discourage purchase, whilst pricing too far below signals an inferior product offering. Currently we are priced at least $50/case, and we recommend maintaining this while keeping a close eye out for competitors pricing and then reacting appropriately (Appendix D : Exhibit 1). Distribution Strategy: Key opportunity for James Boag premium is to exploit the availability of Lion Nathan’s already existing large distribution network. Based on this our distribution strategies for the next 3 years will be to focus on following multiple channels On-trade: Consistent with our overall strategy to increase market penetration through generating brand awareness and attracting more drinker to try our tipple which we hope will transfer to increase buying for domestic consumption; on-trade channels would be of prime importance. We are expecting to increase penetration by at least 40% by subscribing to restaurants and pubs which currently are available through the Lion-Nathan channel network . These locations will also be provided incentives like free embossed glasses to promote and sell our draught beers. Off-trade: With an intent to retain the customers who try our products through on-trade establishments off-trade channels like supermarket and liquor store would also be consistently targeted with regular promotions and negotiating for more shelf space. We expect to increase our penetration by 30% in off- trade establishments in the next 3 years through this strategy. Events: Specific events both corporate, sporting and social events would also be important for our marketing strategy , We hope to increase our distribution to such events by 30%. Also keeping in mind the technological changes and the savvy nature of our typical customer we propose to launch direct ordering online for bulk buys for social and corporate events. Integrated Marketing Communication Strategy: The prime target for marketing activity is the 25-45 years old individuals. The following marketing activities will form the overall communication strategy with main focus being the end users: Advertising †¢ Print advertising in weekend edition of newspaper like The Age, The Australian, Weekend Financial Review and in upmarket business and lifestyle magazines highlighting both premium ranges. Commercials on TV and Cinema before specifically identified shows and movies which conform with the image of the brand. †¢ Dedicated web site with information and brand message of James Boag. The content will be directed at our target consumer with information about promotional events, product details , games , discussion forum and James Boag online club. Sponso rship †¢ Sponsorship of key upmarket events like Tennis, Golf, Racing , Grand Prix and Sailing. †¢ Also concentrating on Federal and State business award functions. Cultural Events like Moonlight cinemas, Operas and Theatre Point of Purchase and Packaging †¢ Distinctive signs and displays positioned at point of sales in supermarkets , liquor stores and bars. †¢ Review of all packaging and bottle labels to align the brand message. Promotion †¢ In house promotion at upmarket bars, restaurants and lounges †¢ Business conventions and corporate events †¢ Motor shows, Horse racing cups , Gourmet food road shows. †¢ â€Å"Stealth Marketing† to celebrate the purchase of another luxury brand item like a car with a James Boag premium. Public Relations †¢ Networking dinners held and attended by General Managers with specific attention towards corporate functions. †¢ Opening of James Boag Centre for Beer in Launceston, Tasmania which will house company’s memorabilia, with a tasting bar and organised tours through the brewery and also sell branded merchandise. This would allow a visitor to become educated about the brand and turn them into ongoing loyal customers by giving them ownership over the brand. The centre will be advertised through tourist publications. Marketing Budget: The full budget for 2008-10 periods is shown in Appendix in line with corporate objectives requirements. The product market expenditure strategies are based on anticipated expenditure. (Appendix E: Exhibit 1) Broadly the divisions will be made as follows – 50% for market penetration of James Boag premium beer – 10% for market development – 30% towards James Boag premium light beer – 10% for diversification Implementation: The budget for the 2008– 2010 Strategic Marketing Plan is based on targeted revenue objectives with provisions for proposed activities recommended in the plan. The proposed fund allocations range for the marketing costs are consistent with the requirements prescribed in the strategic marketing plan for product, pricing, distribution, IMC strategies and predicted sales revenue growth (Appendix B: Exhibit 9-13). In the marketing budget, the IMC component has the highest allocation to meet the increased advertising due to product and brand positioning strategies, promotions and new product launch activities. Implementation of the strategic marketing plan will begin in the Q3 of 2008. Details of the implementation in terms of activities, ownership and timelines are provided in (Appendix F: Exhibit 1) Evaluation and control: Performance evaluation and control of the strategic marketing plan for James Boag premium will include tracking indicators such as Customer satisfaction, Brand loyalty, Sales, Market Share, Distributor satisfaction. Monitoring of these key indicators enables management to measure performance and to take corrective action when variances are revealed. The following table shows how and when these indicators are captured and made available for making decisions on changes to Strategic Marketing planning. Indicators |Metric used |Frequency of review |Data source | |Market share |  % market share by value &|  Monthly |  Data monitor | | |volume | | | |Sales performance |  Sales revenue |  Weekly |  Financial systems | | | | |reports | |Customer satisfaction/Loyalty |  Survey |  Annually |  CRM systems | |Profitability |  Gross marg in |  Monthly |  Financial system | | | | |reports | |Competitive Position |  %share by value & volume |  Annually |  Data monitor | |Distribution satisfaction |  Survey |  Quarterly |  External agency | Conclusion: In summary, we recommend that to achieve our desired increase in market share we would have to adopt a focus differentiation strategy. This would in turn require an increase budgetary allowance to the tune of 54 AUD million in 2008. Overall strategic marketing plan is to concentrate on 1) Increase brand awareness: This would help us increase our market share by attracting new customers and help maintain loyalty. 2) Increase market penetration: By strategically aligning pricing and distribution to the brand. 3) Line extension: Introducing James Boag premium light would allow us to attract the growing female segment of the market and extend our consumer base. 4) Maintain the cost price ratio Appendices [pic] Appendix A: Beer Market Exhibit 1: Data monitor 2006 – Beer in Australia [pic] Exhibit 2: Total Value growth by Beer subsector [pic] Exhibit 3: Market Share of Competition [pic] Appendix B : Financial Overview Exhibit 1: The Du Pont Identity (also known as Du Pont analysis or Du-pont analysis) is an expression which breaks Return On Equity (ROE) into three parts. a) Operating efficiency – measure by profit margin b) Asset use efficiency – measured by asset turnover c) Financial leverage – measured by equity multiplier In the analysis the ROE is calculated by the formula: ROE= Net Profit After Tax/Sales * Sales/Assets * Assets/Equity Du-pont Analysis | |   |NP/Sales |Sales/Assets |Assets/Equity |Analysis | |2002 |0. 10 |0. 40 |1. 88 |0. 07 | |2003 |0. 10 |0. 41 |1. 79 |0. 07 | |2004 |0. 09 |0. 43 |1. 71 |0. 06 | |2005 |0. 13 |0. 43 |1. 63 |0. 09 | |2006 |0. 12 |0. 71 |3. 46 |0. 30 | |2007 |0. 14 |0. 75 |3. 16 |0. 34 | Exhibit 2: Return on Equity Lion Nathan Ltd. 2003-10 [pic] |   | |   |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Market share increase in total |40% |42% |43% | |Value increase total in AUD/millions |1,661 |1,757 |1,857 | |James Boag Premium beer share increase |12% |15% |18% | Total Sales Revenue Forecast Lion Nathan Ltd Year 2008-10 Lion Nathan Ltd forecast | |   |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Total revenue growth at 6% per annum AUD/millions |2,129 |2,253 |2,381 | Exhibit 8: Strategic Gap Lion Nathan Ltd. 2008-10 |Strategic Gap | |   |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Current growth estimates @5% annually. |2,065 |2,169 |2,277 | |Projected growth estimates @6% annually. |2,129 |2,253 |2,381 | |Gap AUD /million |64 |84 |104 | Exhibit 9: Estimated revenue from existing products in existing markets (market penetration) |Millions/ AUD |Year 2008 |Year 2009 |Year 2010 | |Est. revenue via current | | | | |strategies * |2065 |2169 |2277 | |Additional revenue via modified | | | | |strategies** |32 |42 |52 | |Total revenue | | | | | |2129 |2253 |2381 | Restated the current revenue projections **estimate 50% of gap Exhibit 10: Estimated potential revenue from existing products in new markets (market development)* |Millions/AUD |Year 2008 |Year 2009 |Year 2010 | |Est. revenue via market | | | | |development strategies * |15 |20 |25 | * James Boag premium brand positioning via advertising and promotions. Exhibit 11: Estimated potential revenue from new products in existing markets (new product development)* |Millions/AUD |Year 2008 |Year 2009 |Year 2010 | |Est. evenue via NPD strategies *| | | | | |5 |7 |10 | * James Boag Premium light** targeted at female consumers and for occasions when staying is control is impor tant. Exhibit 12: Estimated potential revenue from new products in new market segments (related diversification)* |Millions in AUD |Year 2008 |Year 2009 |Year 2010 | |Est. revenue via related | | | | |diversification strategies * |12 |15 |17 | Exhibit 13:Fulfilling Strategic Gap Year 2008-10 | | | | |Millions/AUD |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Market penetration | | | | | |32 |42 |52 | |Market development | | | | | |15 |20 |25 | |New product development | | | | | |5 |7 |10 | |Related diversification | | | | | |12 |15 |17 | |Total | | | | | |64 |84 |104 | Appendix C: Strategic Positioning Exhibit 1: Boston Consulting Group Matrix: |James Boag premium market share|Largest competitors market |Ratio |Relative market share | | |share | | | |9. 1% |24% |2. 6 |High | Source James Boag market report Key : Ratio < 1. 0 – Not a market leader Ratio = 1. 0 – Tied for lead Ratio > 1. 0 – Market Leader Exhibit 2: GE/McKinsey Matrix: Key: Score > 0. 5 –High attractive Score = 0. 5 – medium attractive Product line: James Boag Premium Score < 0. 5 – non attractive |Market attractive elements |Weight Score Rating | |Market factors |25% |0. 9 |23% | |Competition |25% |0. 4 |10% | |Financial and economic factors |20% |0. 7 |14% | |Technological factors |15% |0. |11% | |Socio-political factors |15% |0. 8 |12% | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |70% | |Total | | |High | Business position elements |Weight Score Rating | |Brand Image |20% |0. 9 |18% | |Economies of scale |15% |0. 8 |12% | |Product focus/differentiation |15% |0. 7 |11% | |Reliable supply of raw materials |10% |0. 7 |7% | |Distribution networks |15% |0. |12% | |Quality assurance |15% |0. 8 |12% | |Manufacturing technology |10% |0. 8 |12% | | | | | | | | | |84% | |Total | | |High | Exhibit 3: Marketing Strategy Analytical tool used to map James Boag |Strategic position for James Boag Premium (market attractiveness combined with | |Premium |competitive position) | |Product life cycle |Growth – Increase market shar e thru penetration, build intensive coverage , emphasise | | |brand loyalty, maintain prices, | |BCG Product Portfolio model |Stars – Invest for growth thru geographical expansion, line expansion and via product | | |differentiation | |GE/McKinsey model |Invest to grow and concentrate on maintaining market share | |Porter’s 5 forces model |Moderate overall market attractiveness – market conducive for investment with high | | |competition. | |Porter’s CA strategy model |Focused differentiation | Exhibit 4: Brand Positioning and Development : The brand will be positioned keeping in mind the typical customer profile of a premium beer drinker, and the values they aspire and relate with. In line with this strategy the communication campaign through print and media advertisement will aim to depict James Boag brand providing a consumer with a image of a successful, in-control, high achieving individual who are looking for the best. This message will be reinforced through product cues like a easily distinguishable and specially designed bottle and brand logo and also an efficient customer relation management. The message of brew quality will be strengthened through a robust quality control mechanism with a clearly stated shelf life period. Appendix D: Pricing Strategy Exhibit 1: Comparative price of Premium Beers Sector |Brand |Case Price* | |Mainstream |Victoria Bitter |$33 | |Light (2-3% alc. vol) |Hahn Premium Light |$22-$24 | |Light (2-3% alc. vol) |James Boag’s Premium Light |$29 | |Premium |James Boag’s Pr emium |$50 | * Case Prices vary widely, dependent on individual retailer price promotions, but these prices represent an average Appendix E: Marketing Budget Exhibit 1: Marketing Expenses Marketing budget allocation | |   |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Amt in AUD/Millions |   |   |   | |Total Marketing budget |362. 0 |398. 2 |438. 0 | |Marketing budget for James Boag range-15% |54. 3 |59. 7 |65. 7 | |Allocation | |Market penetration (IMC)-50% |27. 2 |29. 9 |32. | |Branding costs |10. 9 |11. 9 |13. 1 | |On trade expenses |8. 1 |9. 0 |9. 9 | |Off trade expenses |5. 4 |6. 0 |6. 6 | |Event sponsorship expenses |1. 4 |1. 5 |1. 6 | |Misc Advertisement and Promotion costs |1. 4 |1. 5 |1. 6 | |Market develoment-10% |5. 4 |6. |6. 6 | |New product development-30% |   |   |   | |James Boag Premium light |16. 3 |17. 9 |19. 7 | |Diversification-10% |   |   |   | |Casks and Draughts |5. 4 |6. 0 |6. 6 | Appendix F: Implementation Plan: [pic] Appendix G: Lion Nathan Financial Statem ent 2002-07 Exhibit 1: Lion Nathan Ltd Financial statement 2002-07 Lion-Nathan LTD- Financial statements (consolidated group figures) | | | |figures in AUD-Millions |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 |2006 |2007 | |Income statement | |Sales Revenue |1,662. 4 |1,772. 2 |1,841. 1 |1,757. 5 |1,845. 0 |1,967. 0 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Total Revenue |1,712. 4 |1,826. 4 |2,013. 2 |1,797. 2 |1,883. 1 |2,000. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Cost of Goods Sold |1,353. 5 |1,446. 4 |1,668. 9 |1,380. 8 |1,484. 6 |1,595. 0 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Sales and Marketing costs |280. 2 |301. 2 |303. 2 |305. 2 |309. 0 |329. 1 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |EBIT |266. 3 |285. 0 |251. 4 |337. 6 |329. 8 |351. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |NPAT |161. 9 |180. 0 |160. 1 |224. 8 |226. 8 |282. 2 | |Balance Sheet | |Cash on Hand |10. 8 |16. 8 |5. 7 |8. 2 |19. 0 |6. 9 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Current Assets |504. 0 |528. 7 |610. 2 |490. 0 |541. 4 |544. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Non Current Assets |3,700. 8 |3,802. 1 |3,656. 8 |3,574. 0 |2,048. 7 |2,075. 7 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Total Assets |4,204. 8 |4,330. 8 |4,267. 0 |4,064. 0 |2,590. 1 |2,620. 3 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Current Liabilities |493. 8 |430. 6 |520. 7 |512. 6 |525. 5 |544. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Non Current Liabilities |1,477. 6 |1,481. 0 |1,254. 1 |1,057. 9 |1,316. 4 |1,247. 5 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Total Liabilities |1,971. 4 |1,911. 6 |1,774. 8 |1,570. 5 |1,841. 0 |1,792. 0 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Equity |2,233. 4 |2,419. 2 |2,492. 2 |2,493. 5 |748. 2 |828. | |Cash Flow Statement | |Net Cash from Operating Activities |231. 1 |232. 9 |274. 0 |334. 0 |308. 0 |298. 5 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Net Cash from Investing Activities |-399. 6 |-108. 0 |-99. 2 |20. 8 |-11 2. 6 |-73. 3 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Net Cash from Financing Activities |168. 4 |-117. 3 |-218. 6 |-319. 4 |-184. 6 |-237. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Earnings per Share |34. 0 |33. 7 |37. 9 |42. 1 |48. 6 |50. 2 | Appendix H: Competitors Financial Analysis Exhibit 1: Foster Group Ltd Financial Statement 2002-07 |Fosters Group Ltd ( consolidated figures) | |  Amount in AUD/ million |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 |2006 |2007 | |Sales revenue |4,572. 0 |4,731. 5 |3,908. 0 |3,972. 3 |4,533. 7 |4,760. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Gross profit |2,273. 0 |2,344. 6 |1,887. 2 |1,981. 5 |2,067. 1 |2,094. 7 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |EBIT |1,038. 6 |1,023. 4 |949. 0 |1,257. 0 |1,065. 7 |1,116. 8 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |NPAT |560. 9 |470. 4 |806. 0 |941. 0 |1,169. 8 |969. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Marketing Expenses |300. 8 |313. 5 |343. 8 |379. 6 |350. 8 |360. 1 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Total Assets |9,511. 0 |9,588. 9 |8,443. 1 |11,745. 3 |10,439. 1 |9,563. 0 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Total Liabilities |5,299. 1 |5,095. 8 |3,842. 9 |6,801. 2 |5,957. 4 |4,929. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Total Equity |4,211. 9 |4,493. 1 |4,600. 2 |4,944. 1 |4,481. 7 |4,633. 2 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Ratio analysis | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |NPM ratio |12. 3 |9. 9 |20. 6 |23. 7 |25. 8 |20. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |GPM ratio |49. 7 |49. 6 |48. 3 |49. 9 |45. 6 |44. 0 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |ROE |13. 3 |10. 5 |17. 5 |19. 0 |26. 1 |20. 9 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |ROA |10. 9 |10. 7 |11. 2 |10. 7 |10. 2 |11. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Debt to Equity Ratio |125. 8 |113. 4 |83. 5 |137. 6 |132. 9 |106. 4 | Exhibit 2: FGL Sales Revenue 2002-07 Exhibit 3: FGL Marketing Expense 2002-07 Exhibit 4 : Net Profit Margin Foster Group Ltd. Exhibit 5: Gross Profit Margin Foster Group Ltd. 2002-07 Exhibit 6: Return on Equity Foster Group Ltd. 2002-07 Exhibit 7:Debt to Equity Ratio Fosters Group Ltd. [pic][pic][pic] ———————– [1] 2007 Annual Report Lion Nathan Ltd – Australia segmental [2] Porter, â€Å"What is strategy? ’, pp 61-78. ———————– The concept of Product Life Cycle postulates that products, like human beings, pass through a number of different phases or stages of their life. The stages are described as introduction, growth, competitive turbulence, maturity and decline. GE/McKinsey Model BCG is a two dimentional model based on market growth and relative market share. The chart on the left sumarises the results obtained for the BCG analysis conducted for the James Boag premium beer line. (For further details refer to Appendix C:Exhibit 1 ). BCG Model Another tool used to identify effective product strategies is the GE / McKinsey model. This is used to identify the attractiveness of the market and the relative position of the brand. (For further details refer to Appendix C: Exhibit 2 ).